3. Ferdinand VII
There were two different political orientations in Spain: those who defend tradition and those who wanted to have “new ideas” from the French Revolution. We can observe three different stages:
- ABSOLUTIST REGIME. 1812 Cádiz Constitution was abolished, and absolutist monarchy was restored.
-CONSTITUTIONAL TRIENNIUM. It happened a militar revolution started by general Riego and a new constitutional government was introduced, but it only lasted three years.
- ABSOLUTISM. A French army called The Hundred Thousand Children of St. Louis demolished the liberal regime and imposed again an absolutist one.
Ferdinand VII wanted his daughter Isabel in the throne and published the Pragmatica sanction, abolishing the Salic law, which excludes women from ruling a country. But Charles, brother of Ferdinand VII, aspired to the throne and funded the carlist party, which later caused many wars.
4. Choose if these facts are about the absolutist regime, the constitutional triennium or the absolutism:
5. East issues
At the beginning of the XIX century new problems and wars started in Europe:
- The weakness and decay of the Turkish empire.
- Separatist ideas of some politicians in their provinces.
- Ambitions of European politicians, who wanted to extend their power and possessions at the cost of Turkey.
As a consequence, the following events happened:
+ Independence of Greece and Serbia.
+ Independence of Egypt.
+ Crimea war.
+ Turk-Russian war.
6. Are the following statements true or false:
7. Independence of Latin-America
During the Independence War started an uprising in America, due to subversive propaganda from French, English, North-Americans and Brailians, whose governments helped the rebels with weapons and money. Revolutionary assemblies and rebel armies were assembled. The most important leaders were:
- Simón Bolívar, the Liberator, a Spanish military official with Vasques origins (see figure).
- José San Martín, colonel of the Spanish army and native from Palencia.
- Antonio José de Sucre, Colombian general.
We can distingish between two periods in the independence’s :
+ The Spanish Independence War (1808-1814), when Spanish troops defeated all their enemies except Argentina.
+ The reign of Ferdinand VII, with the great defeat in Ayacucho (1824), which caused the loss of the whole Spanish continental America.
Simón Bolívar, the Liberator, defended his ideal of an unification of all the liberated republics in a big federal state. He summoned the Congress of Panama, but didn’t achieve his objective. Another failed project was the Andes Federation, an attempt to unite the free States by his military feats.
New World’s territories were divided in different republics: Mexico (in North America); Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica (in Central America); Gran Colombia (Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador), Perú, Bolivia, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentina (in South America). Frontiers between countries have originated numerous conflicts.
8. Answer if te following facts are true or false:
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®Arturo Ramo García.-Record of intellectual property of Teruel (Spain)
No 141, of 29-IX-1999 Plaza Playa de Aro, 3, 1º
DO 44002-TERUEL
