3. The Wars

    The Government in Spain had difficulties (Communities and germanium) and there were struggles with France and the Turks.

   - THE COMMUNITIES. When Charles came to Spain, he did not know Castilian Spanish and had distributed government positions among his Flemish friends who had accompanied him. This caused great discontent in the cities of Castilla, especially when he went to Germany to be crowned Emperor, causing the revolt of the Communities. The nobles, the bourgeoisie and the peasants revolted against the bad governors and organized an army, which was led by Juan Padilla. However, the royal army crushed the community army in Villalar, while the three leaders, Padilla, Bravo and Maldonado, were taken prisoner and executed.

   - THE GERMANIES. It was a movement of the masses of Valencia and Mallorca against the nobility. They did not agree on the protection that the nobility provided to the Moors, for example, in some cases they were paying less taxes than the Christians. This movement was suppressed.

   - THE WARS WITH FRANCE. Francis I did not accept that Charles was proclaimed Emperor of Germany, since he also aspired to that position. He seized Milan and war was inevitable. Francis was taken prisoner at the battle of Pavia. He later allied himself with the Pope and the Turks against Charles I.

   - THE STRUGGLES WITH THE TURKS. Suleiman the Magnificent led the Turks in their invasion of Europe. They seized Belgrade, which was part of Hungary, and besieged Vienna. The army of Charles I was defeated. The pirate Barbarossa ruined the trade for the Mediterranean, however he was able to stop them and conquered Tunisia and other places.

   Charles I gave his son Philip the sovereignty of the Netherlands, Sicily and the mainland territories. He also resigned the imperial crown in favor of his brother Ferdinand. Charles I retired to the monastery of Yuste and died in September 1558.

   4. Indicate whether these statement refer to the: Communities, Germanies, France or the Turks.

    5. The Reformation and Martin Luther

   The Reformation was a religious movement that broke the unity of the Western civilization. Its followers were called Protestants.s.s.s.s.

   By the end of the Middle Ages, there was a need to organize the Church in order to cut the abuses that were going on. The spirit of robbery of the German princes favored the spread of the Reformation in Germany. The church owned a third of the German soil and as Protestantism was being adopted, these territories became secularized and were passed into the hands of the princes. The Reformation was a way of getting rich by seizing the property of the clergy.

   The propeller of the Reformation was Martin Luther, an Augustinian friar of the convent of Wittenberg. He was concerned about the problem of eternal salvation, believing that man could not save himself and that man is saved by faith, regardless of his behavior and his works. (See image of Martin Luther).

   In Germany, the bull of indulgences was being implemented in order to pay for the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Luther wrote the Ninety-Five Theses against indulgences and other issues, and was able to get the support of the German princes. Pope Leo X (1520) excommunicated him.

    6. Indicate whether these statements are true or false:

   It can be summarized in the following points:

   - Man is saved by faith, regardless of his works. It was said that man can err but still believe in God. This is contrary to the Catholic doctrine that requires faith and good works.

   - Everyone can interpret the Bible to one’s own liking. This point has long divided the Protestants.

   - The removal of monastic vows and the celibacy of the clergy.

   - Disregard of the authority of the Pope.

   - Denial of the cult of saints and the virginity of Mary.

   - Denial of the value of the sacraments, retaining only baptism and the Eucharist as a remembrance of the Last Supper.

    8. Charles V and Protestantism

   The emperor tried to solve the heresy peacefully by summoning assemblies or Diets, such as the ones held in Woms, Spira and Augsburg. However, it was not possible to reach an agreement. As war was declared, he beat the Protestants in Mulberg, but eventually signed the Peace of Augsburg, which consecrated the triumph of Protestantism in Germany.

    - ZWINGLI was a pastor of Glarus (Switzerland) and his character was extreme and violent. He preached the doctrine of predestination, by which God chose those who He wanted to save. Catholics opposed Zwingli. He died at the Battle of Kappel.

   - JOHN CALVIN founded Calvinism and had an uncompromising character. Calvin established a rigid dictatorship based on scrupulous moral in Geneva: playing cards, dancing and drinking wine were forbidden.

     9. Indicate whether these facts refer to: Calvin or Zwingli.

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